Rotator cuff injuries and factors associated with reoperation / Lesões do manguito rotador e fatores associados à reoperação

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of rotator cuff tears and describe the profile of reoperated patients, causes of repeated tendon tears, tear evolution and range of times between surgical procedures. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study involving 604 surgical procedures performed at two regional referral hospitals between January 2006 and December 2012. After approval by the ethics committee, data describing the patients' epidemiological profile were gathered at a single time, using Cofield's classification to measure the extent of the tears, all of which underwent arthroscopic surgery. The data were entered into Epi Info 3.5.3 and were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. RESULTS: Among the 604 surgical procedures, females were affected in more cases (351; 58.1%). When the dominant limb was the right limb, it was affected in 90% of the cases (p < 0.05). The supraspinatus tendon was affected in 574 cases (95%) and the tears were of medium size in 300 cases (49.7%). Eighteen reoperations were performed (2.98%) and the upper right limb was the most affected (66.6%). The cause was non-traumatic in 12 patients. The repeated tears were mostly smaller (44%), and the length of time between the two surgical procedures ranged from 6 to 298 weeks. CONCLUSION: Female gender, smaller extent in the second procedure and non-traumatic cause were found in most of the cases analyzed.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de LMR, descrever o perfil do paciente reoperado, a causa da rerruptura tendínea, a evolução da lesão e a variação de tempo entre os procedimentos cirúrgicos. MÉTODOS: Estudo com delineamento transversal, que envolveu 604 eventos cirúrgicos feitos entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2012, em dois hospitais de referência regional. Após aprovação pelo comitê de ética, os dados foram coletados em um único momento, descreveu-se o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes e usou-se a classificação de Cofield para mensurar a extensão das lesões, as quais foram operadas por via artroscópica em todos os pacientes. Os dados foram digitados no programa Epinfo versão 3.5.3(r), e analisados no SPSS versão 18.0(r). RESULTADOS: Entre os 604 procedimentos, o sexo feminino esteve predominantemente acometido com 351 (58,1%) e quando o membro dominante foi o direito ele esteve acometido em 90% dos casos (p < 0,05). O tendão supraespinhal foi acometido em 574 (95%) casos e as lesões foram de tamanho médio em 300 (49,7%) casos. Foram 18 (2,98%) reoperações e o membro superior direito foi o mais acometido (66,6%), com causa não traumática em 12 pacientes. As relesões foram em sua maioria menores (44%), com o tempo entre os dois procedimentos cirúrgicos que variou entre seis e 298 semanas. CONCLUSÃO: Sexo feminino, extensão menor no segundo procedimento e causa não traumática foram encontrados na maior parte dos casos analisados.

Clasificacion geometrica de rupturas del manguito rotador: excelente reproductibilidad y fiabilidad inter e intra-observador / Geometrical classification of rotator cuff tears. excellent inter and intra-observer reliability

Introducción: Se han descripto numerosas clasificaciones de rupturas del manguito rotador. Ninguna de ellas ha logrado unificar conceptos acerca del tipo de lesión, pronóstico y tratamiento. El objetivo del siguiente trabajo es validar la reproductibilidad y fiabilidad de la clasificación propuesta por Davidson y Burkhart. Materiales y métodos: Corte transversal retrospectivo de la fiabilidad y reproductibilidad de la clasificación geométrica de rupturas del manguito rotador. Un total de 76 pacientes fueron analizados. Se incluyeron ruptura de espesor completo con rmn realizada en hospital italiano de buenos aires. Tres observadores con diferentes niveles de experiencia (residente, fellow y medico de planta) independientemente clasificaron los estudios en dos oportunidades con un intervalo de 4 semanas. Resultados: El acuerdo total inter-observador para los tres observadores fue 85.1% Con un valor de kappa de 0.951 (95% Ic: 0.94-0.97). El valor mas alto de fiabilidad fue alcanzado por el fellow con un valor de kappa de 0.875 (Ds ±0.047) Mientras que el score más bajo fue registrado por el residente con una puntuación de 0.815 (Sd ±0.56). De acuerdo a la guía de fleiss o de landis y koch todos los observadores alcanzaron excelente/casi perfecto acuerdo. Conclusión: La clasificación geométrica es comprensible y de fácil aplicación más allá del nivel de experiencia de los evaluadores. Se trata de una herramienta útil para comunicarse con excelentes resultados de fiabilidad y reproductibilidad intra e inter-observador.

Purpose: In 2010, James Davidson and Stephen Burkhart proposed the geometric classification of rotator cuff tears: a system linking tear pattern to treatment and prognosis. The objective of this study is to validate by measuring the intra-examiner and interexaminer reproducibility and reliability of the geometrical classification. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional assessment of the reproducibility and reliability of a new rotator cuff tears classification. A total of 76 patients with full thickness rotator cuff tears on preoperative mri were analyzed. Three observers independently evaluated the mri according to the geometrical classification. The observers had different levels of experience and were represented by one resident, one medical fellow and one consultant of the arthroscopy and arthroplasty shoulder section. The mri’s were review by the observers in two occasions with 4 weeks interval to evaluate the intra-observer reliability. Results: The overall inter-observer agreement was 85.1% Representing a kappa value of 0.951 (95% Ci: 0.94-0.97). The highest inter-observer agreement was found between the resident and the consultant with 88.2% Producing a kappa value of 0.954 (95% Ci: 0.92-0.97). The highest average intra-observer reliability was achieved by the fellow with a kappa value of 0.875 (Sd ±0.047). The resident, fellow and consultant reached an excellent/almost perfect agreement. Conclusion: The geometrical classification is comprehensive and easy applicable despite the level of experience of the raters. It is suspect as a very useful tool to communicate among orthopedic surgeons with excellent inter and intra-observer reproducibility.

Correlación entre la anatomía acromial y roturas del manguito rotador: estudio caso-control / Relationship between acromial anatomy and rotator cuff tears: a case control-study

Determinar si existe correlación entre la anatomía acromial documentada por radiología y la presencia de roturas del manguito rotador (MR) evaluadas en forma artroscópica. Hipótesis: Existe correlación positiva entre la morfología acromial y las roturas del MR. Métodos: Serie retrospectiva caso-control de 279 casos consecutivos tratados mediante cirugía artroscópica. Se analizaron 2 cohortes; un grupo con roturas completas del MR (N = 155) y un grupo control, tratados por inestabilidad glenohumeral (N = 124) a los que se documentó indemnidad del MR durante la artroscopia. Se documentó la anatomía acromial preoperatoria mediante radiografías de hombro anteroposterior verdadera y axial subacromial y se midieron la pendiente acromial según Bigliani (B), la inclinación acromial según Kitay (K) y el índice acromial según Nyffeler (AI). Resultados: Las diferencias entre los valores promedios de B y K entre grupos no fueron significativas (p = 0,6 y p = 0,3). No existió correlación entre B y AI (r = 0,054; p = 0,377). Evidenciamos una correlación positiva en ambos grupos entre la inclinación acromial (r = 0,2; p = 0,008) y la pendiente acromial (r = 0,1; p = 0,03). Encontramos diferencias significativas en el IA entre grupos, que fue mayor para los casos (p = 0,01). Conclusión: En los resultados de las mediciones radiológicas de la anatomía acromial en nuestra población, documentamos una correlación significativa entre extensión del AI y roturas del MR confirmadas durante artroscopia...

To study the anatomical relationship between acromial morphology documented on X- rays and rotator cuff (RC) tears evaluated using arthroscopy. Hypothesis: There is a positive correlation as regards acromial morphology and RC tears. Methods:A retrospective, case control series of 279 consecutives cases, who underwent arthroscopic surgery were included in this study; cases were separated into 2 cohorts; one group with complete RC tears (N=155) and a control group treated for glenohumeral instability (N=124) with indemnity of the RC confirmed during arthroscopy. Pre-operative acromial anatomy was documented with X- rays – true anteroposterior and sub-acromial outlet views – measuring the acromial slope according to Bigliani (B), acromial tilt according to Kitay (K), and acromial index according to Nyffeler (AI). Results: The differences in the mean values of B and K between groups were not significant (P=.6 and P=.3). There was no correlation between B and AI (r= 0.05; P=.3). A positive correlation was observed between the acromial tilt (r= 0.2; P=.008) and acromial slope (r= 0.1; P=.03). A significant difference was found regarding AI, with greater values in the case group (P=.01). Conclusion:In this study, the acromial slope according to Bigliani, and acromial tilt according to Kitay, does not correlate with RC tears. A positive correlation of the AI with RC tears was observed...

Rotator cuff injuries: current perspectives and trends for treatment and rehabilitation / Lesão do manguito rotador: tratamento e reabilitação. Perspectivas e tendências atuais

To map out the approaches used by Brazilian orthopedists in treating complete tears of the rotator cuff. METHODS: A multiple-choice questionnaire was handed out to 232 orthopedists at the 45th Brazilian Congress of Orthopedics and Traumatology. Of these, 207 were returned but five were incomplete and were excluded. Thus, 202 questionnaires were used. RESULTS: Among the orthopedists who answered the questionnaires, around 60% were from the southeastern region and 46% were shoulder and elbow surgeons. There was a significant association ( p < 0.05) between length of experience and number of rotator cuff repairs performed per year. There was also a significant association ( p < 0.05) between shoulder specialty and the following variables: arthroscopic technique, use of anchors in a single-row configuration, mean time taken for an indication for surgery to be made in cases of traumatic and degenerative lesions, use of a specific protocol for postsurgical rehabilitation, return to sport and indication of irreparable injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Brazilian shoulder surgeons have well-established approaches toward treating rotator cuff injuries. Most of these approaches differ significantly from those of other specialties. This shows the importance of placing value on training in preparing shoulder specialists in this country.

Mapear as condutas dos ortopedistas brasileiros no tratamento das lesões completas do manguito rotador. MÉTODOS: Um questionário de múltiplas escolhas foi entregue a 232 ortopedistas no 45° Congresso Brasileiro de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. Foram devolvidos 207 questionários, mas cinco estavam incompletos e foram excluídos. Total final de 202 questionários. RESULTADOS: Dos ortopedistas que responderam os questionários, cerca de 60% foram da Região Sudeste, 46% eram cirurgiões de ombro e cotovelo. Houve associação significativa (p < 0,05) entre tempo de experiência e número de reparos do manguito rotador feitos anualmente. Também houve associação significativa (p < 0,05) entre especialidade de ombro e as seguintes variáveis: técnica artroscópica, uso de âncoras na configuração de fileira simples, tempo médio para indicação de cirurgia em lesões traumáticas e degenerativas, uso de protocolo específico para reabilitação pós-cirúrgica, retorno ao esporte e indicação de lesões irreparáveis. CONCLUSÕES: Os cirurgiões de ombro do Brasil têm condutas bem estabelecidas em relação ao tratamento das lesões do manguito rotador que diferem, em sua maioria, significativamente, das condutas dos cirurgiões de outras especialidades. Isso mostra a importância da valorização do treinamento na formação dos especialistas de ombro em nosso país.

Complicaciones postoperatorias de la reparación de manguito rotador artroscópica sin acromioplastía / Postoperative complications of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair without acromioplasty

El desarrollo y refinamiento del instrumental y las técnicas quirúrgicas ha llevado a muchos cirujanos a abandonar las técnicas tradicionales abiertas a favor de técnicas artroscópicas. Junto con el incremento de la popularidad de la artroscopia también ha habido un incremento en las complicaciones. El objetivo del siguiente trabajo fue analizar las complicaciones en un grupo de pacientes a los que se les realizó la reparación artroscópica del manguito rotador sin acromioplastía. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una evaluación retrospectiva de 273 reparaciones artroscópicas del manguito rotador sin acromioplastía. Todos los pacientes fueron evaluados a la primera y segunda semanas postoperatoria y al primer, segundo, tercer y sexto mes postoperatorio. Se registraron todas las complicaciones. Múltiples variables fueron evaluadas como factores de riesgo como ser: la edad, sexo, tamaño de ruptura, antecedente traumático, rigidez articular previa asociada (capsulitis adhesiva) y los procedimientos asociados. Resultados: En 273 hombros operados hubo 13 complicaciones postoperatorias (4.8%). Las complicaciones fueron 10 rigideces articulares, 2 trombosis venosa profunda y una retención urinaria. La rigidez preoperatoria ha mostrado una asociación significativa con la pérdida de movilidad en el pop (p<0.05). De los procedimientos asociados durante la cirugía la única variable que mostró ser un factor de riesgo para la complicación fue la coracoplastia (p<0.05). Conclusiones: La reparación artroscópica del manguito rotador sin acromioplastia representa un procedimiento seguro con una baja tasa de complicaciones a corto plazo. La rigidez preoperatoria y la coracoplastia parecieran estar implicadas en una mayor predisposición a complicaciones, sin embargo otro factores como la edad, sexo, tamaño de la ruptura no mostraron estar asociadas. Nivel de Evidencia: IV...

The development, and refinement of arthroscopic instrumentation and surgical techniques have prompted many surgeons to abandon traditional open procedures in favor of arthroscopic techniques. As the popularity of arthroscopic surgery has increased there has also been an increase in complications. The purpose of this study was to analyze the complications in a group of patients who has undergone arthroscopic rotator cuff repair without acromioplasty. Materials and Methods: We retroprospectively evaluated 273 arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs without acromioplasty. All patients were evaluated at the first and second weeks and at the first, third and sixth month. All complications were recorded. Multiple variables such as gender, age, rupture size, traumatic history, adhesive capsulitis and associated procedures were analyzed. Results: There were 13 complications in 273 operated shoulders (4.8%). There were 10 frozen shoulders, two deep venous thrombosis and one urinary retention. Preoperative stiffness showed a significant association with the decrease in the postoperative range of motion (p<0.05). The only intraoperative procedure that was found to be a risk factor for complications was coracoplasty (p<0.05). Conclusions: Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair without acromioplasty represents a safe procedure with a low rate of complications. Preoperative stiffness and coracoplasty appear to be involved in a greater predisposition to complications. However other factors such as age, gender, and rupture size did not seem to be related. Level Evidence: IV...

Lesão parcial do manguito rotador no atleta - bursal ou articular? / Partial rotator cuff injury in athletes: bursal or articular?

O ombro doloroso é uma queixa muito comum entre os atletas, especialmente no caso dos arremessadores. As lesões parciais do manguito rotador podem ser muito dolorosas e causar limitação funcional importante na pratica esportiva do atleta. A incidência das lesões parciais do manguito é variável (13% a 37%). O diagnóstico clínico e radiológico é difícil e deve ser considerado em todo atleta que apresente sintomatologia da síndrome do manguito rotador, inclusive nos pacientes diagnosticados apenas com tendinopatia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento epidemiológico das lesões parciais do manguito rotador nos atletas tanto amadores como profissionais de diferentes modalidades esportivas. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 720 prontuários de atletas atendidos no serviço de ombro da disciplina de medicina esportiva no Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, a maioria (65%) homens. Dentre todos, 83 pacientes foram diagnosticados com lesão parcial do manguito rotador por meio da ultrassonografia ou ressonância magnética e em alguns casos por ambas. Aplicamos o teste binomial para comparar as proporções encontradas. RESULTADO: Verificou-se um predomínio das lesões intra-articulares (67,6%) e que essas ocorreram com maior frequência nos arremessadores (66%). Já com relação às lesões bursais, essas ocorreram em 32,4% dos atletas e predominam nos de musculação (75%). CONCLUSÃO: As lesões intra-articulares são mais frequentes em relações às bursais e predominam nos atletas arremessadores, enquanto que as lesões bursais foram mais prevalentes nos atletas de musculação.

A painful shoulder is a very common complaint among athletes, especially in the case of those in sports involving throwing. Partial lesions of the rotator cuff may be very painful and cause significant functional limitation to athletes' sports practice. The incidence of partial lesions of the cuff is variable (13-37%). It is difficult to make the clinical and radiological diagnosis, and this condition should be borne in mind in the cases of all athletes who present symptoms of rotator cuff syndrome, including in patients who are diagnosed only with tendinopathy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological behavior of partial lesions of the rotator cuff in both amateur and professional athletes in different types of sports. METHODS: We evaluated 720 medical files on athletes attended at the shoulder service of the Discipline of Sports Medicine at the Sports Traumatology Center, Federal University of São Paulo. The majority of them were men (65%). Among all the patients, 83 of them were diagnosed with partial lesions of the rotator cuff, by means of ultrasonography or magnetic resonance, or in some cases using both. We applied the binomial test to compare the proportions found. RESULT: It was observed that intra-articular lesions predominated (67.6%) and that these occurred more frequently in athletes in sports involving throwing (66%). Bursal lesions occurred in 32.4% of the athletes, predominantly in those who did muscle building (75%). CONCLUSION: Intra-articular lesions are more frequent than bursal lesions and they occur predominantly in athletes in sports involving throwing, while bursal lesions were more prevalent in athletes who did muscle building.

Long-term functional evaluation of videoarthroscopic treatment of partial injuries of the rotator cuff / Avaliação funcional em longo prazo do tratamento videoartroscópico das lesões parciais do manguito rotador

OBJECTIVE: To compare the functional results from high and low-grade isolated partial lesions of the supraspinatus tendon of bursal and articular types, after arthroscopic treatment. METHODS: Sixty-four patients with isolated partial lesions of the supraspinatus tendon were evaluated. The mean length of follow-up was 76 months (range: 29-193). The mean age was 59 years (range: 36-82). The dominant side was affected in 44 patients (68.8%). There were 35 bursal lesions (54.7%) and 29 articular lesions (45.3%). We used the Ellman classification and characterized the lesions as low or high-grade according to whether they affected less than or more than 50% of the tendon thickness, respectively. Debridement was performed in 15 patients (23.5%), repair without completing the lesion in 11 (17%) and repair after completing the lesion in 38 (59.5%). The functional assessments on the patients were done using the Constant & Murley and UCLA scores. RESULTS: The mean Constant & Murley score among the patients with bursal lesions was 82.64 ± 6.98 (range: 59.3-99) and among those with articular lesions, 83.57 ± 7.58 (range: 66-95), while the mean UCLA score in the bursal lesions was 33.37 ± 2.85 (range: 21-35) and in the articular lesions, 32.83 ± 2.95 (range: 22-35). CONCLUSION: Videoarthroscopic treatment of partial lesions of the rotator cuff presents good or excellent results when the low-grade lesions are debrided and the high-grade lesions are completed and repaired. These results are maintained over the long term, with a high satisfaction rate and few complications. .

OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados funcionais, após o tratamento artroscópico, das lesões parciais isoladas do tendão supra-espinal dos tipos bursal e articular nos graus alto e baixo. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 64 pacientes com lesões parciais isoladas do tendão supra-espinal. Seguimento médio de 76 meses (29 a 193). A média de idade foi de 59 anos (36 a 82). O lado dominante foi acometido em 44 pacientes (68,8%). Observadas 35 lesões bursais (54,7%) e 29 articulares (45,3%). Usamos a classificação de Ellman e caracterizamos as lesões como baixo e alto grau quando acometiam menos ou mais de 50% de sua espessura, respectivamente. Foi feito desbridamento em 15 pacientes (23,5%), reparo sem completar a lesão em 11 (17%) e reparo após completar a lesão em 38 (59,5%). A avaliação clínica funcional dos pacientes foi feita com o uso dos escores de Constant & Murley e UCLA. RESULTADOS: A média dos escores de Constant dos pacientes com lesão bursal foi de 82,64 ± 6,98 (59,3 a 99) e com lesão articular foi de 83,57 ± 7,58 (66 a 95), enquanto que a média do UCLA nas lesões bursais foi de 33,37 ± 2,85 (21 a 35) e nas lesões articulares foi de 32,83 ± 2,95 (22 a 35). CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento videoartroscópico das lesões parciais do manguito rotador apresenta resultados bons/excelentes quando as lesões de baixo grau são desbridadas e as lesões de alto grau são completadas e reparadas. Esses resultados se mantêm em longo prazo, com alto índice de satisfação e poucas complicações. .

Artroplastía de hombro en el medio privado: Análisis de las variables demográficas y de comorbilidad en una muestra de 120 pacientes / Shoulder arthroplasty in the private practice: Analysis of demographics and comorbid conditions in a sample of 120 patients

Objetivo: Describir las variables demográficas de una serie de casos de artroplastía de hombro operadas en un solo hospital y por un solo equipo quirúrgico. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 120 artroplastías de hombro de Enero de 2006 a Noviembre del 2014 obteniéndose las variables de edad, género, diagnóstico de base, tipo de prótesis utilizada, comorbilidades, lado afectado, ocupación, tiempo de evolución y cirugías previas. Resultados: 66% de los casos fueron mujeres y 34% hombres, el promedio de edad fue de 66 años y el diagnóstico más frecuente fue la artropatía por desgarro del manguito rotador (30%). La prótesis total de anatomía reversa se realizó en 51% de los casos, seguida por la hemiprótesis en 38%. 70% de la población fue originario del D.F. La hipertensión arterial se presentó en 23% los casos. 36% de los casos tenía antecedentes de cirugías previas. En 40% de los casos la ocupación fue trabajo en el hogar. Conclusión: La artroplastía de hombro es un procedimiento que se realiza con un alto volumen en este centro hospitalario. Nuestra serie reporta un número significativo de casos en donde las variables demográficas obtenidas pueden representar un panorama inicial en la artroplastía de hombro en pacientes mexicanos, y presentar el perfil del paciente candidato a este procedimiento al no contar con registros previos.

Objective: To describe the demographics in a series of shoulder arthroplasty cases operated in a single hospital and by the same surgical team. Material and methods: 120 shoulder arthroplasties performed between January 2006 and November 2014 were included. The following variables were analyzed: age, gender, baseline diagnosis, type of prosthesis used, comorbid conditions, involved side, occupation, follow-up time, and surgical history. Results: Females accounted for 66% and males 34%; mean age was 66 years and the most frequent diagnosis was arthropathy resulting from rotator cuff tear (30%). The reverse total shoulder prosthesis was used in 51% of cases, followed by the hemiprosthesis in 38%. Seventy per cent of patients were from the Federal District. Arterial hypertension occurred in 23% of cases; 36% of cases had undergone prior surgery; 40% of cases worked at home. Conclusion: Shoulder arthroplasty is a procedure frequently performed at this hospital. Our case series reports a significant number of cases in which the demographics may give us an overview of shoulder arthroplasty in Mexican patients and describe the characteristics of patients eligible for this procedure, as there are no other registries available.

Reconstrucción artroscópica de manguito rotador: resultados prospectivos según protocolo lento vs. acelerado de rehabilitación / Rotator cuff arthroscopic reconstruction. Slow protocol vs. accelerated rehabilitation

Establecer si existen diferencias significativas en el dolor, movilidad, resultados funcionales e irnagenológicos por Resonancia Magnética Nuclear (RMN) en pacientes que siguieron un protocolo lento vs. acelerado de rehabilitación, posterior a reconstrucción artroscópica de ruptura completa del manguito rotador (MR). Diseño del Estudio: Clínico, prospectivo, comparativo, aleatorizado, simple ciego entre el período Marzo 2008 y Marzo 2010. Materiales y Métodos: 28 pacientes con protocolo lento y 22 con protocolo acelerado con reconstrucción artroscópica del manguito rotador. Se evaluaron clínicamente ambos grupos a través del test de Constant, de UCLA, SST, la movilidad pasiva, y cicatrización por RMN. Resultados: Edad promedio de 60 "años. Al mes de operado los pacientes del protocolo acelerado presentaron menos dolor (p: 0,0001). Se obtuvieron mejores resultados en el grupo de protocolo acelerado con diferencias significativas para la movilidad pasiva al mes y 6 meses postquirúrgicos. No existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos para los test de UCLA (p 0.8) y Constant modificado (p 0,2) a los 12 meses de operado. En cuanto a las imágenes por RMN realizadas posterior al año de operado se observó cicatrización del manguito rotador en el 100% de los pacientes evaluados. Conclusión: Recomendamos el movimiento pasivo temprano ya que no interfiere en la cicatrización del manguito rotador y disminuye el dolor postoperatorio. Nivel de Evidencia I...

Effect of a Sleep Aid in Analgesia after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and safety of a sleep aid for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-eight patients were prospectively assigned to either the zolpidem group (multimodal analgesia+zolpidem; 39 patients) or the control group (multimodal analgesia; 39 patients). Self-rated pain levels were assessed twice a day using a visual analog scale (VAS). The need for additional rescue analgesic, duration of functional recovery, and adverse effects were assessed for the first 5 days after surgery. RESULTS: The mean number of times that additional rescue analgesic was required during 5 days after surgery was 2.1+/-2.0 in the zolpidem group and 3.3+/-2.8 in the control group, a significant difference. There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean VAS pain scores during the first 5 days after surgery, although the zolpidem group had lower VAS pain scores than the control group. Additionally, there were no significant differences in duration of functional recovery and adverse effects between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The use of zolpidem for analgesia after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair provided a significant reduction in the need for rescue analgesic without increasing adverse effects. Nevertheless, mean VAS pain scores during the first 5 days after surgery did not differ between the zolpidem group and the control group.

Resultados funcionales de la aplicación de toxina botulínica tipo A contra antiinflamatorios orales en la rehabilitación de síndrome de hombro doloroso por lesión del mango de los rotadores / Functional results of type a botulinum toxin versus oral antiinflammatory agents in the rehabilitation of painful shoulder syndrome caused by rotator cuff lesion

Las enfermedades del mango de los rotadores se caracterizan por signos inespecíficos, síntomas y alteraciones de la anatomía, su etiología es multifactorial y pueden abarcar desde tendinitis hasta rupturas masivas de espesor completo del tendón del manguito de los rotadores, las cuales comprometen la biomecánica normal del hombro afectado. Normalmente suceden en mayores de 40 años; sin embargo, el asociado a trauma depende del mecanismo de lesión y no tiene relación directa con la edad de aparición de los síntomas. Se han descrito factores vasculares en el daño al tendón del manguito de los rotadores, en patologías que afectan a la microcirculación; sin embargo, estudios recientes no han demostrado que el tendón bajo observación directa presente datos de hipovascularidad. La toxina botulínica tipo A realiza su acción mediante bloqueo de la liberación de acetilcolina en la placa neuromuscular; en las articulaciones provoca liberación de la tensión capsular así como la disminución de factores pro inflamatorios tales como la interleucina-1; aunque existen pocos artículos sobre su utilidad intraarticular, en los grupos musculares y tendinosos, además de tener un efecto miorrelajante existen diversas publicaciones que apoyan su utilidad en el manejo del dolor y su utilidad en la rehabilitación de este grupo de pacientes; en dosis bajas, ha sido ampliamente utilizada. Material y métodos: Se trata de un estudio prospectivo, experimental y longitudinal en el cual se realizó seguimiento a 24 pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome de hombro doloroso demostrado por pruebas clínicas y de gabinete debido a lesiones del mango de los rotadores, sin criterios de reparación quirúrgica inmediata, o ya reparados, a los cuales a 12 pacientes se les aplicará toxina botulínica tipo A en el espacio subacromial de forma peri-tendón del tendón conjunto del manguito de los rotadores, así como en puntos de dolor y contractura muscular en hombro, con una dosis total de 200 UI de toxina botulínica tipo A, mientras que al grupo control, de 12 pacientes, se le administraron antiinflamatorios vía oral por seis semanas, tipo Cox 2, Celecoxib 100 mg cápsulas una cada 12 horas; a los dos grupos se les sometió a un programa de rehabilitación ya establecido, el cual fue supervisado cada dos semanas y hasta las seis semanas de evolución; se realizaron valoraciones subjetivas y objetivas valorando la presencia de dolor, el nivel funcional y la movilidad posible mediante la escala de valoración funcional de hombro de Constant y la escala visual análoga. Resultados: Grupo de Celecoxib Promedio de escala de Constant inicial fue de 60 puntos, el inmediato a la primera dosis se mantuvo en 60 puntos, a las dos semanas de tratamiento con Celecoxib se encontró un puntaje de Constant promedio de 66 puntos y a las seis semanas el promedio fue de 70.33 puntos, siendo el valor de la p > 0.005. Grupo de toxina botulínica 200 UI máximo en hombro afectado, 50 UI subacromial y 150 en puntos de dolor además de asociarlo a programa de ejercicios de rehabilitación supervisados en consultorio. El promedio de la escala de Constant inicial fue de 58 puntos, el inmediato a la primera dosis se elevó a 70.83 puntos, a las dos semanas posteriores a infiltración y seguimiento de ejercicios en consultorio fue de puntaje Constant promedio de 77.16 puntos y a las seis semanas el promedio fue de 78.5 puntos, siendo el valor de la p < 0.005 (p = 0.00045). En cuanto a la escala visual análoga se observó que en el grupo de Celecoxib existió una disminución de dicha escala a las seis semanas con una p < 0.005.

Rotator cuff conditions are characterized by unspecific signs, as well as anatomic alterations and symptoms. They have a multifactorial etiology and may include everything from tendinitis to massive, full thickness tears of the rotator cuff tendon that compromise the normal biomechanics of the involved shoulder. They usually occur in people over 40 years of age but lesions resulting from trauma may vary according to the mechanism of injury and are not directly related with the age at onset of symptoms. Vascular factors have been described as related with rotator cuff tendon damage in conditions affecting the microcirculation. However, recent studies have not proven that the tendon under direct observation shows hypovascularity. Type A botulinum toxin acts by blocking the release of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular plate; in the joints it releases capsular tension and reduces proinflammatory factors such as interleukin-1 (IL-1). There are only a few papers on its intraarticular benefit; in muscle and tendon groups it not only has a muscle relaxant effect, but several publications support its utility for pain management. It has been widely used in the rehabilitation of this group of patients at low doses. Material and methods: Prospective, investigational and longitudinal study involving the follow-up of 24 patients with a diagnosis of painful shoulder syndrome proven clinically and with imaging tests, and caused by rotator cuff lesions. The patients either did not meet the criteria for immediate surgical repair or had already undergone such a repair. Type A botulinum toxin was applied to 12 patients in the subacromial space around the rotator cuff conjoint tendon, as well as in the painful spots and in the muscle contracture in the shoulder. The total dose of Type A botulinum toxin was 200 IU. The control group, also composed of 12 patients, was given a COX-2 oral antiinflammatory agent for 6 weeks (Celecoxib, 100 mg BID). Both groups followed a pre-established rehabilitation program for a total of 6 weeks and were supervised every 2 weeks. Subjective and objective assessments were made including pain, performance level and possible mobility, using Constant's functional shoulder assessment and the visual analog scale (VAS). Results: Celecoxib group: Mean initial Constant scale score was 60; after the first dose it remained unchanged. After 2 weeks of treatment with Celecoxib the mean Constant score was 66; by 6 weeks it was 70.33, with p > 0.005. The botulinum toxin group received a maximum dose of 200 IU in the affected shoulder, 50 IU were administered subacromially and 150 in the painful spots. This treatment was combined with rehabilitation exercises supervised at the doctor's office. The mean initial Constant scale score was 58; immediately after the first dose it went up to 70.83. Two weeks after the injection and the supervision of rehabilitation exercises at the office, the mean Constant scale score was 77.16; at six weeks it was 78.5, with p < 0.005 (p = 0.00045). The VAS in the Celecoxib group decreased at six weeks with p < 0.005.

Reconstrucción artroscópica del manguito rotador. Resultados funcionales a largo plazo. Estudio de base de datos prospectiva / Rotator cuff arthroscopic reconstruction. Long-term outcome results

Introducción: En nuestro medio existe poca evidencia científica de seguimiento a largo plazo en la reconstrucción artroscópica del manguito rotador. Objetivo: evaluar resultados funcionales de la reparación artroscópica del manguito rotador con un seguimiento promedio de 81 meses. Material y Método: realizamos 158 reparaciones artroscópica de manguito rotador. Setenta y seis hombros de 58 años promedio cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Seguimiento promedio de 81 meses (60 – 96 meses) con registro en base de dato prospectiva digital detallando examen físico, score funcionales Simple Shoulder Test (SST), Constant abreviado y American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES). Dividimos las lesiones en dos grupos, lesiones parciales, 9 casos, y lesiones completas, 67 casos divididas en 3 sub grupos: lesiones pequeñas y medianas (< 3 cm), grandes (3-5 cm) y masivas (> 5 cm). Resultados: con un seguimiento promedio de 81 meses, 95% de los pacientes tuvieron entre buenos y excelentes resultados con score de Constant, 65 ptes excelente (85%), 8 bueno (10%) y 3 regulares (5%), ningún resultado pobre. Con score de ASES y SST también observamos mejoría notable y persistente a lo largo del seguimiento en los pacientes, demostrando con el Test de Wilcoxon una p extremadamente significativa p:0,0001. En las Lesiones Parciales todos los resultados fueron excelentes y buenos. Aplicando el test de Mann Whitney obtuvimos una P < 0,05 en los tres scores. En Lesiones Completas, el Score de Constant abreviado el 95% de los resultados a 81 meses fueron entre buenos y excelentes. La distribución fue de 65 casos excelentes (85%), 8 buenos (10%), 3 regulares (5%) y ningún resultado pobre. Tanto en el SST, como en el score de ASES se observo también una mejoría notable y persistente en el seguimiento a largo plazo. Quedando demostrado con el Test de Wilcoxon que la diferencia fue extremadamente significativa con un valor p=0,0001 en los tres scores funcionales evaluados. Discusión: vemos resultados favorables, estadísticamente significativos al comparar diferentes scores funcionales de ASES, SST y Constant entre el pre quirúrgico con el seguimiento a largo plazo; con un 95% de buenos a excelentes resultados en la reparación artroscópica de las distintas lesiones en el manguito rotador. Nivel de evidencia: IV. Tipo de estudio: Estudio Terapéutico. Serie de Casos

Introduction: In spanish literature, there is little scientific evidence of long-term follow up for arthroscopic rotator cuff reconstruction. Purpose: to evaluate functional outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with a mean follow of 81 months. Method: we performed 158 arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs. Seventy-six shoulders average of 58 years met the inclusion criteria. Average follow-up of 81 months (60-96 months) with digital prospective data based detailing physical exam, functional score with Simple Shoulder Test (SST), Constant and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score. We divided the lesions into two groups, partial lesions, 9 cases, and complete lesions, 67 cases divided into 3 sub groups: small and medium lesions (< 3 cm), large (3-5 cm) and massive (> 5 cm). Results: after a mean follow-up of 81 months ninety-five percent of patients had good to excellent results with Constant score, 65 ptes excellent (85%), 8 good (10%) and 3 regular (5%) no poor result. With ASES score and SST also observed significant and persistent improvement during follow-up, demonstrating with Wilcoxon test an extremely significant p=0.0001. All Partial lesions have excellent and good results, Applying Mann Whitney test we obtained a P <0.05 in all three scores. In Complete lesions the Constant Score was 95% of good to excellent results at 81 months average follow up. The distribution was: Excellent 65 cases (85%), 8 good (10%), 3 regular (5%) and no poor results. With SST and ASES score we had a significant and persistent improvement in long-term follow up. Being demonstrated with the Wilcoxon test that the difference was highly significant with a P value 0.0001 in the three evaluated functional scores. Discussion: we had statistically significant results when comparing different functional scores of ASES, SST and Constant between surgical pre preoperative score and the long-term follow up with 95% good to excellent results in arthroscopic repair of different rotator cuff lesions. Level of evidence: IV. Type of Study: Therapeutic Study. Cases Series

Functional evaluation of arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff injuries in patients with pseudoparalysis / Avaliação funcional do reparo artroscópico da lesão do manguito rotador em pacientes com pseudoparalisia

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the functional result from arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff injuries in patients with pseudoparalysis, defined as incapacity to actively raise the arm above 90◦ , while complete passive elevation was possible. METHODS: we reevaluated 38 patients with a mean follow-up of 51 months (minimum of 24). We analyzed the pseudoparalysis reversion rate and the functional result obtained. RESULTS: according to the assessment criteria of the University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA), 31 (82%) patients had good and excellent results, two (5%) had fair results and five (13%) had poor results. The mean active elevation went from 39◦ before the operation to 139◦ after the operation (p < 0.05); the mean active lateral rotation went from 30◦ to 48◦ (p < 0.05) and the mean active medial rotation went from level L3 to T12 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff injuries produced good and excellent results in 82% of the cases and a statistically significant improvement of active range of motion, with reversion of the pseudoparalysis in 97.4% of the cases. It is therefore a good treatment option...

OBJETIVO: avaliar o resultado funcional do reparo artroscópico das lesões do manguito rotador em pacientes com pseudoparalisia, definida como incapacidade de elevação ativa do braço acima de 90◦ , com elevação passiva completa. MÉTODOS: reavaliamos 38 pacientes com média de seguimento de 51 meses (mínimo de 24). Analisamos a taxa de reversão da pseudoparalisia e o resultado funcional obtido. RESULTADOS: pelos critérios de avaliação da Universidade da Califórnia em Los Angeles (Ucla), 31 (82%) pacientes tiveram bons e excelentes resultados; dois (5%) resultados regulares e cinco (13%) ruins. A média da elevação ativa passou de 39◦ no pré-operatório para 139◦ no pós-operatório (p < 0,05), a média da rotação lateral ativa passou de 30◦ para 48◦ (p < 0,05) e a média da rotação medial ativa passou do nível L3 para o T12 (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: o reparo artroscópico das lesões do manguito rotador proporcionou bons e excelentes resultados em 82% dos casos e uma melhoria, estatisticamente significativa, da amplitude de movimento (ADM) ativa, com reversão da pseudoparalisia em 97,4% dos casos. É, portanto, uma boa opção de tratamento...

[Comparison of diagnostic value of ultrasonography versus magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of shoulder rotator cuff muscles tears]

Rotator cuff muscles tears are among the most common problems of shoulder joint. This disorder is diagnosed most commonly by imaging methods especially ultrasound and MRI. According to previous studies, both of these methods have high diagnostic value. Because of small sample sizes and inappropriate gold standards in these studies and also lack of enough studies in our country we decided to conduct this study to compare ultrasound and MRI for diagnosis of rotator cuff muscles tears. We performed shoulder ultrasonography and MRI for 100 patients before shoulder surgery in this descriptive analytical study. The results of ultrasonography and MRI were reported separately by 2 radiologists. Using SPSS 19 software, data were analyzed by McNamara's test. 27 of 100 patients that underwent surgery had tears in rotator cuff muscles [20 with complete tear and 7 with partial tear]. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 92.6%, 95.9%, 89.3% and 97.2% for ultrasonography, and 96.3%, 97.3%, 95.9% and 98.6% respectively for MRI. There was no significant difference between the two methods [P>0.05]. According to the results of this study both of these methods have high accuracy in the diagnosis of rotator cuff muscles tears and can be used for patient evaluation

The Factors Affecting Pain Pattern after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the factors that affect pain pattern after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. METHODS: From June 2009 to October 2010, 210 patients underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair operations. Of them, 84 patients were enrolled as subjects of the present study. The evaluation of postoperative pain was conducted by visual analog scale (VAS) scores during postoperative outpatient interviews at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. The factors that were thought to affect postoperative pain were evaluated by dividing into three categories: preoperative, operative, and postoperative. RESULTS: Pain after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery showed a strictly decreasing pain pattern. In single analysis and multiple regression tests for factors influencing the strictly decreasing pain pattern, initial VAS and pain onset were shown to be statistically significant factors (p = 0.012, 0.012, 0.044 and 0.028, respectively). With regard to the factors influencing lower than average intensity pain pattern for each period, the stiffness of internal rotation at 3 months postoperatively was shown to be a statistically significant factor in single and multiple regression tests (p = 0.017 and p = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: High initial VAS scores and the acute onset of pain affected the strictly decreasing postoperative pain pattern. Additionally, stiffness of internal rotation at postoperative 3 months affected the higher than average intensity pain pattern for each period after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Comparison of Three-Dimensional Isotropic and Two-Dimensional Conventional Indirect MR Arthrography for the Diagnosis of Rotator Cuff Tears

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy between a three-dimensional (3D) indirect isotropic T1-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography and a conventional two-dimensional (2D) T1-weighted sequences of indirect MR arthrography for diagnosing rotator cuff tears. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was approved by our Institutional Review Board. In total, 205 patients who had undergone indirect shoulder MR arthrography followed by arthroscopic surgery for 206 shoulders were included in this study. Both conventional 2D T1-weighted FSE sequences and 3D isotropic T1-weighted FSE sequence were performed in all patients. Two radiologists evaluated the images for the presence of full- or partial-thickness tears in the supraspinatus-infraspinatus (SSP-ISP) tendons and tears in the subscapularis (SSC) tendons. Using the arthroscopic findings as the reference standard, the diagnostic performances of both methods were analyzed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: Arthroscopy confirmed 165 SSP-ISP tendon tears and 103 SSC tendon tears. For diagnosing SSP-ISP tendon tears, the AUC values were 0.964 and 0.989 for the 2D sequences and 3D T1-weighted FSE sequence, respectively, in reader I and 0.947 and 0.963, respectively, in reader II. The AUC values for diagnosing SSC tendon tears were 0.921 and 0.925, respectively, for reader I and 0.856 and 0.860, respectively, for reader II. There was no significant difference between the AUC values of the 2D and 3D sequences in either reader for either type of tear. CONCLUSION: 3D indirect isotropic MR arthrography with FSE sequence and the conventional 2D arthrography are not significantly different in terms of accuracy for diagnosing rotator cuff tears.

A Comparison of Conventional Ultrasonography and Arthrosonography in the Assessment of Cuff Integrity after Rotator Cuff Repair

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to perform conventional ultrasonography, magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) and arthrosonography exams after rotator cuff repair to compare the results of conventional ultrasonography and arthrosonography with those of MRA as the gold standard. METHODS: We prospectively studied 42 consecutive patients (14 males, 28 females; average age, 59.4 years) who received arthroscopic rotator cuff repair due to full-thickness tears of the supraspinatus tendon from 2008 to 2010. The integrity assessment of the repaired rotator cuff was performed 6 months postoperatively using conventional ultrasonography, MRA, and arthrosonography. RESULTS: The diagnostic accuracy of the conventional ultrasonography compared to MRA was 78.6% and the McNemar test results were 0.016 in full-thickness tear and 0.077 in partial-thickness tear. The diagnostic accuracy of arthrosonography compared to MRA was 92.9% and the McNemar test results were 0.998 in full-thickness tear and 0.875 in partial-thickness tear. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the integrity assessment of the repaired rotator cuff by ultrasonography must be guarded against and that arthrosonography is an effective alternative method in the postoperative integrity assessment. Also, an arthrosonography seems to be a suitable modality to replace the conventional ultrasonography.

Mini-Open Suture Bridge Repair with Porcine Dermal Patch Augmentation for Massive Rotator Cuff Tear: Surgical Technique and Preliminary Results

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the mini-open suture bridge technique with porcine dermal patch augmentation for massive rotator cuff tear and to assess preliminary clinical and radiological results. METHODS: Five patients with massive rotator cuff tear for which it was not possible to restore the anatomical footprint underwent mini-open suture bridge repair using a porcine dermal patch. The patients' average age was 53.4 years (range, 45 to 57 years), and the average duration of follow-up was 20.6 months (range, 14 to 26 months). Patients were evaluated with preoperative and postoperative outcome measures, including a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) score, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score. The structural integrity of repaired rotator cuffs was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The average VAS pain score, UCLA score, and ASES score improved from 6.8, 15.4, and 39.4 preoperatively to 0.8, 31.2, and 86.4 postoperatively (p = 0.041, 0.042, and 0.043, respectively). Magnetic resonance images obtained at an average of 8 months after surgery showed that four patients had intact repair integrity with graft incorporation. One patient had a re-tear with partial healing but still had a satisfactory clinical outcome. There was no intraoperative or postoperative complication in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: Mini-open suture bridge repair with porcine dermal patch augmentation can be an option in young patients with high physical demands and massive rotator cuff tears for which it is not possible to restore the anatomical footprint.

Reconstrucción del manguito rotador con técnica SpeedFix Rip-Stop / Rotator cuff repair with Rip-Stop technique

El índice de re-rupturas luego de la reconstrucción artroscópica del manguito rotador sigue siendo todavía muy alto y de origen multifactorial. Hay factores de mal pronóstico inherentes al paciente, como la edad, la cronicidad de la lesión, el grado de retracción, la degeneración grasa y la atrofia muscular, que se traducen en un nuevo escenario anatómico e histológico con características particulares para cada individuo, y hay factores como la calidad y configuración de la reparación, que son cirujano-dependiente. Describimos en este artículo una nueva variante técnica para la reconstrucción de las lesiones del manguito rotador, conocida como RipStop, que intenta aumentar la fortaleza y resistencia de la configuración de la reparación a las solicitaciones de fuerzas cíclicas y de esta manera mejorar el escenario biológico para una cicatrización más segura.

The incidence of re-ruptures after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is still high and multifactorial. There are several factors that affect the prognosis inherent to the patient, such as the age, chronicity, degree of retraction, fatty infiltration and muscular atrophy, that create a new anatomical and histological scenario with particular characteristics to each patient, and there are factors such as the quality and configuration of the repair, which are surgeon-dependent. We describe in this article a new technical variant for the reconstruction of rotator cuff tears, known as Rip-Stop, trying to increase the strength and resistance of the configuration to cyclical forces and therefor improve the biological stage for safer healing.

Is it advantageous to add epinephrine to the arthroscopic infusion solution for the treatment of rotator cuff injury? / E vantajosa a adicao de epinefrina na solucao de infusao artroscopica no tratamento da lesao do manguito rotador?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of epinephrine in arthroscopic infusion serum as a measure to improve the quality of surgical viewing during procedures for treating rotator cuff tears. METHODS: This was a prospective randomized double-blind comparative study in which 49 arthroscopic repair procedures on rotator cuff tears were evaluated. Patients presenting ASA I and II surgical risk were included. The patients were placed into two groups: the first with epinephrine (1 mg/L) in the infusion serum and the second with pure physiological solution. A single surgeon was responsible for the procedures, without knowledge of the medication usage. The surgeon rated his quality of viewing during the operation, on an increasing scale from 0 to 10. Interscalene block or suprascapular nerve block was chosen randomly and used in association with general anesthesia. The anesthetist issued final report relating to possible intercurrences. RESULTS: The group with epinephrine received an average score of 9.29 and the group without epinephrine received an average score of 7.16. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). There was no important clinical alteration relating to use of this drug. CONCLUSION: As well as being safe, addition of epinephrine at a concentration of 1 mg/L to the infusion serum was shown to be effective for improving the visual field during arthroscopy to repair rotator cuff injuries.. .

OBJETIVO:Avaliar o uso da epinefrina no soro de infusão artroscópica como medida para melhorar a qualidade da visualização cirúrgica durante procedimentos de tratamento das rupturas do manguito rotador. MÉTODOS: Este é um estudo prospectivo, randomizado, comparativo e duplo cego, em que foram avaliados 49 procedimentos de reparo artroscópico da lesão do manguito rotador. Foram incluídos pacientes com risco cirúrgico ASA I e II. Os pacientes foram colocados em dois grupos, contendo o primeiro grupo epinefrina (1mg/L) no soro de infusão e o segundo grupo solução fisiológica pura. Um único cirurgião foi responsável pelos procedimentos sem conhecimento sobre o uso da medicação. O cirurgião atribuiu uma nota crescente (0-10) referente à sua visualização durante o ato operatório. O bloqueio interescalênico ou o bloqueio no nervo supraescapular foram associados à anestesia geral, escolhidos de forma aleatória. O anestesista emitiu um relatório final referente às possíveis intercorrências. RESULTADOS : O grupo que recebeu epinefrina obteve nota média de 9,29 e o grupo que não recebeu obteve a nota média de 7,16. A diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,05). Não houve alteração clínica importante relacionada ao uso do fármaco. CONCLUSÃO : Além de segura, a adição da epinefrina na concentração de 1mg/L ao soro de infusão se mostrou eficaz quanto à melhoria do campo visual durante a artroscopia para reparo das lesões do manguito rotador. .